Ayam atau Telur Mana Lebih Dahulu sebuah Teka-Teki yang terjawab

"Mana Yang Lebih Duluan ada, Ayam atau Telur...?" Pertanyaan ini menjadi salah satu Teka-Teki yang sering diperbincangkan dan yang paling sulit untuk dijawab. Jika Ayam lebih dahulu ada kemudian Telur dan sebaliknya. Ayam dihasilkan dari Telur sedangkan Telur dihasilkan dari Ayam. Suatu Fakta nyata yang sangat membingungkan. Namun hal itu sudah terjawab dari hasil Penelitian seorang Ilmuwan dari Australia yang dimuat pada Artikel "Australian Academy of Scienc".

Menurut hasil Riset yang dimuat di Artikel Australian Academy of Scienc bahwa Ayam lah yang terlebih dahulu atau yang pertama sekali ada dan kemudian Telur.

AYAM HUTAN MERAH dalam Bahasa Latin GALLUS GALLUS


Dari Penjelasan Ilmuwan tersebut bahwa yang dimuat di Australian Academy of Science, "Ayam Pertama" lahir dari Mutasi Genetik yang berasal dari DNA Hewan yang memiliki bentuk menyerupai Ayam. Hewan yang dimaksud terseut adalah "The Red Junglefowl" atau "Ayam Hutan Merah" yang memiliki nama latin "Gallus Gallus". Mutasi Genetik tersebut terjadi pada Sel Pertama Kemudian, Mutasi-mutasi itu menggandakan diri ke setiap sel tubuh lain saat Embrio Ayam Tumbuh. Proses tersebut menghasilkan Ayam, yang kemudian disebut sebagai "Gallus Galus Domestics".

Diperkirakan, "Ayam Hutan Merah" itu dijinakkan oleh Masyarakat Asia termasuk Indonesia yang kemudian menyebar ke seluruh Dunia. Gallus Gallus memiliki lapisan Telur yang kurang Produktif dan Agresif jika dibanding dengan hasil mutasinya, Gallus gallus Domestics.Bukti Arkeologi menunjukkan, Gallus gallus pertama kali dijinakkan dan di Domestifikasi pada 10.000 tahun yang lalu. Analisis DNA dan Simulasi Matematis menunjukkan Ayam sudah ada sejak 58.000 tahun silam.

Menurut Penjelasannya, Urut-urutan keberadaan Telur dan "Ayam Sketching Science". Telur ditemukan di dalam Kerajaan Hewan atau Kingdom Animalia. Ia merupakan wadah yang menjaga Embrio agar bisa bertahan hidup dan berkembang. Menurut Penelitian itu, Telur pertama muncul jutaan tahun yang lalu. Sebelumnya, sebagian besar Hewan Bereproduksi dengan mengandalkan air, mereka bertelur di dalam Kolam atau Lingkungan Lembab lain, sehingga Telur yang dihasilkan tidak mengering.

Seiring perkembangan waktu, jenis telur berbeda mulai muncul setelah adanya evolusi. Telur memiliki cangkang yang keras karena ditetaskan di darat. Telur yang dihasilkan di darat ini berasal dari evolusi panjang Hewan Tetrapoda (Berkaki 4 termasuk Burung dan Unggas) sejak lebih dari 300 juta tahun yang lalu. Telur ini disebut sebagai "Telur Amniot" dengan ukuran lebih besar dan kualitas lebih baik.

Telur Amniot memiliki tiga Selaput Ekstra yang terdiri dari Chorion, Amnion, dan Allantois. Hal ini memungkinkan Embrio mengambil Nutrisi yang disimpan, menyimpan Produk Limbah berlebih, dan bernafas tanpa perlu Lingkungan Akuatik Eksternal. Cairan ekstra yang terbungkus dalam amnion, ditambah kulit luar yang keras, semakin memberikan perlindungan ekstra.

Namun, peneliti belum dapat memastikan kapan dan bagaimana telur jenis ini terbentuk. Sebab, Cangkang Telur tidak meninggalkan Fosil yang jelas sebagai Bahan Penelitian. Hanya saja, kemungkinan yang paling besar evolusi ini terjadi pada 340 juta-370 juta tahun yang lalu saat Nenek Moyang Hewan ini binasa.

Dari penjelasan ini didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa "Telur" dalam arti umum, lebih dulu ada dari pada "Ayam". Telur diketahui ada sejak ratusan juta tahun silam sementara Ayam baru muncul sekitar 58.000 tahun lalu.

Sedangkan "Telur Ayam" yang menjadi Pertanyaan awal? Peneliti menemukan Proses Pembentukan "Kulit Telur Ayam" sebagian besar terbentuk dari Kalsium Karbonat (CaCO3). Sumber Kalsium itu didapatkan Ayam dari sumber makanannya. Untuk membentuk Cangkang, Kalsium itu perlu disimpan dalam Kristal CaCO3, dan proses ini sangat bergantung pada keberadaan sebuah Protein yang disebut "Ovocleidin-17" yang hanya dapat ditemukan di Ovarium Ayam. Protein ini berfungsi mempercepat pembentukan Cangkang Telur pada Ayam. Dari sinilah kemudian disimpulkan bahwa Telur Ayam ada setelah keberadaan Ayam itu sendiri. Tanpa adanya Protein Ovocleidin-17, Telur Ayam tidak mungkin ada.

Artikel ini telah di-review oleh sejumlah Ahli, seperti "Profesor Evolusi Biologi Rick Shame dari University of Sydney", "Ahli Palenteologi Vertebrata Profesor Trevor Worthy dari Flinders University" dan "Dr Walter Boles, Bagian Ornitologi Universitas Australia".

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Variable Learning Research Hypothesis

Understanding the Definition of Hypotheses and Research Variables

Hipotesi is a very great usefulness in Scientific Investigation.

Hypothesis allows us to connect theory with Observation, and vice versa Observations with theory.

TYPE OF RESEARCH VARIABLES

Its value is seen from the scale variable :

• Continuous variables are variables that have a regular set of values ​​within a certain range. High-being for example, one up to 7.
• Categorical variables are variables that have values ​​based on certain categories (nominal scale) Example: Attitude: Good-bad, Judging from the treatment.
• Active Vaariabel the manipulated variables for experimental research.
• Variable attributes are variables that can not be manipulated for the purposes of research, eg, intelligence, attitude, gender and so on. Variable views of its function:
• The independent variable
• The dependent variable.
• Moderating Variables
• Intervening variable.

Operational Definitions

• Operational definition is the determination to construct a variable that can be measured.
• Describe specific ways that are used to construct operational making it possible for other researchers to replicate measurements in the same way or develop a better measurement cosntruct.

Theory and Research

• The study is basically an operationalization of the scientific method, the method used to acquire scientific knowledge.
• The theory is part of science that explain natural phenomena. Because of the theoretical part of science has closely interwoven with the study.
• Research is a systematic process for developing the theory.

The Position and Role of Theory

• For quantitative research, the theory underlying the Environment for the formulation, development of hypotheses, testing data and making conclusions, so the results could support or rejection of the theory.,
• In qualitative research, the theory is the culmination of qualitative research is compiled through a process of data collection, categorization of data and development of the pattern or arrangement of the theory.

Proposition and Hypotheses

• The proposition is an expression or statement to be believed, denied or verifiable, megenai concept or construct that explain or predict phenomena.
• The proposition is formulated with a view to test the hypothesis empirically known.
• Hypothesis states that alleged relationship between two or more variables in the formulation of propositions that can be tested empirically.
• Hypotheses can be derived from the study of theory and previous research / empirical.

Function Hypothesis

• Describe the research problem and its solution.
• Declare variables that need to be tested empirically
• Used as a guide for selecting the methods of testing data.
• Become a basis for conclusions.Source: Hypothesis

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Organisational Development Strategy in Education

Organization required to be more adaptive to the dynamic environment is always changing. Organizations must be able to adjust to any changes in the environment. Development organization (organizational development) is intended to make the organization more effective and efficient in achieving its goals.

The following statement from Morgan reinforce the fact that:
"Organizations have always faced such metamorphosis metamorphosis of a caterpillar into a butterfly. This means that there are only two options for organizations that change or die. However, the choice to change is the right choice, as the organization fleksiblitasnya not higher may be able to survive unless they change or restructuring its organization "(Morgan in Sedarmayanti, 2000:19).

Adjustments to be the only way to survive is a reasonable thing done by any organization. This is consistent with that proposed by Robbins, as follows

"At this difficult to get a well-run organization that does not hold a restructuring to cut costs, become more responsive to customers and competitors, or to achieve more or less the same goals" (Robbins, 1994:89-90).

Organizations are required to continue to grow if you want to stay afloat (survive). The answer to the challenges and changes is to make the development of the organization (organizational development). To that end, organizations often make such changes in the structure and tatakerja try to respond the changes that come.

Richard Beckhard bring about the development of the organization as follows:

"Organizational development is an effort: (1) planned, (2) organizationwide, and (3) managed from the top, to (4) increase of organization effectiveness and healt through (5) planned Interventions in the organization's processes using behaviorscience knowledge". (Richard Beckhard in Indrajaya, 1989:35)."

Development organization focusing on change, and change is inevitable by any organization. Each organization will transform itself in accordance with the demands of the existing environment.

Then, Bennis and Mische further argued that:
"The development of the organization is a response to the change, a complex educational strategy intended to change the beliefs, values ​​and a new structure of an organization, so that the organization is better able to adjust to the technological, market and new challenges as well as a very fast exchange of change itself. Development organization is new and still evolving, he was born a decade ago, because it still has not changed and membaku, this problem until now has not been resolved "(Bennis and Mische, 1995:3)".

Some of the above definition can be pursed into the equation the true meaning of the study of organizational development (OD), namely that:

OD is a response to change.
OD is an effort to adjust to new things.
OD is a business improvement organization.
OD is a long term business carried out gradually and continuously.
OD can be done to reengineer the way an organization so as to produce a completely different structure with previous structures.

Organizational change must be preceded by careful planning and a clear dissemination to avoid a negative outlook for both employees and organizations. Because the purpose of each of the changes are improvements. A change of negative effects should be avoided, because it does not correspond to the major significance of the change, that is, toward perfection. Usually the changes made are not done at once, but done in stages in the search for a suitable form.

Just as an organism, an organization must avoid equilibrium (balance), which can lead to less responsive to changes and external threats. Because the organism (and organizations) who will be more brittle homogeneous, these creatures have to cultivate diversity. This organism also should move towards the brink of chaos, conducting experiments, and organize themselves to take advantage of opportunities (Peter F. Drucker, 2005:67).

According to Pascale, the third phase of the change are as follows:
"(1) experimentation and irregularities, (2) elimination of the practice and those already established, and (3) the formulation of future vision that generates new conditions or circumstances. In this process, it is important not to set the behavior, which can lead to resistance, but designed it so that everything flows to the desired goal "(Pascale in Drucker, 2005:69)".

If a living system is in a state of balance, the system will be less responsive to changes occurring around him. This would plunge into a very high risk. In the face of threat, or when struck by an interesting opportunity, living things will move toward the verge of chaos. This condition will further enable the emergence of new solutions are fresh. Once the stimulus is so exciting that happens, the components of living systems will organize themselves, and form as well as new types will emerge from the chaos. The nature of this life by Pascale called the "self-organization and emergence" (Pascale in Drucker, 2005:70)

Opinion that the equilibrium is derived from the law ohttp://www.blogger.com/img/blank.giff cybernetics death is not so obvious but important, the Law of Necessity Diversity (Law of requisite Variety), which states that the survival of any organism depends on its power to develop (not just allowing) the diversity in its internal structure. Failure to do results in the inability to successfully cope with diversity when it was introduced from the outside (Pascale in Drucker, 2005:70).

Whitney and Trosten-Bloom said that "the approach to personal change and organizational change based on the assumption that questions and dialogue about strengths, successes, values, hopes, and dreams actually is change itself" (Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2007 : 1).

Source: KLOSETIDE - Pengembangan Organisasi (Organizational Development)

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Heart as a Financial Management Company

Management in everyday life is very important, because with the management we can arrange all of the activities to be carried out effectively and efficiently. Without the management of our activities in everyday kehiidupan will be irregular.

One example of management in everyday life is the importance of managing our finances. With the financial management, we can arrange financing in our daily lives. If we do not me'manage finances well, then that will happen is a waste of money, use money to buy goods that are not important, and much more. In daily life, financial me'manage should be applied. It is intended that sufficient revenue can be obtained daily life with me'manage expenditure as possible. If financial management is applied in everyday life, there will be excessive and not spending enough of our lives.

Similarly, in the company. Financial management is needed to manage the company's funds so that the company's value can be maximized.

Financial management for the company is a planning, budgeting, inspection, management, control, search and storage of funds held by the organization or company.

Own financial management functions include to make the plan revenue and checkout, and other activities for a certain period, follow-up of financial planning by making details of expenses and income, using company funds to maximize the funds available in many different ways, looking for sources of funds available for corporate activities, collect and store company funds, evaluating and improving the finances and financial systems in paerusahaan, as well as examine the existing corporate finance in order to avoid irregularities.

One example of financial management in companies such as pety cash (petty cash). In this case the company usually uses pety cash for small-scale type of expenditure, which serves to facilitate the company's transactions in small amounts. For example, for the purchase of office supplies such as stationery, photocopy costs, and so forth. And every transaction made by the company, the need for registration to prevent financial irregularities and to each company's financial income and expenses can be controlled and managed properly.

Finance in the office must be properly managed in order to manage all income and expenditure incurred in that office. If the activities of financial me'manage not done, then the firm is likely to suffer losses or bankruptcy. This occurs in the absence of the company's financial records. Financial management is the most important activities in the office, because of finances is the goal of doing office. And to run in office management, companies need to establish a group of employees to cooperate for the attainment of the objectives of the company.

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Organization and Management in the UN General Assembly

UN General Assembly or the UN General Assembly is one of the six main UN bodies. Assembly consists of members from all member states and meets annually under a UN General Assembly President is elected from the representatives. The first meeting was held on January 10, 1946 at Central Hall Westminster in London and included representatives from 51 countries. This meeting normally begins at the third Tuesday in September and ends in mid-December. Special meetings may be convened at the request of the Security Council, a majority of UN members. Special meeting held in October 1995 to commemorate 50 years of the United Nations.

Each country can appoint five representatives to attend the General Assembly, but only entitled to one vote (Article 5 and 18, UN Charter). In each session of the UN General Assembly elect a chairman. The General Assembly has the power to regulate the organization and administration of the United Nations, but the problem is being resolved the Security Council. Official language is used, among others: English, French, Russian, Spanish, and Chinese, including the broadcast and press coverage.

Duties and powers

Duties and powers of the general assembly can be divided into eight groups, namely on:

1. The exercise of international peace and security.

2. Cooperation in the field of economy and the international community.

3. International representative system.

4. Particulars of the areas that do not yet have its own government

5. Financial affairs

6. Membership application and acceptance of members

7. Changes in the charter

8. Relationships with other equipment tools

In performing the duties of the general assembly to form a variety of agencies, such as the committee; commission; conferences and agency. These agencies include:

1. Committee procedure

2. Administrative court

3. Disarmament commission (with the security council)

4. International atomic energy agency (to hear the opinion of the security council

and the board of social economy).

5. UN troops

6. Palestinian refugees in the container body

7. United Nations Conference on trade and development.

8. United Nations Children's Fund / UNICEF (the economic and social council)

9. Office of the UN high commissioner for refugees

10. United Nations and FAO joint venture for global food business

11. United Nations Development Program

12. UN industrial development organization

13. The UN agency for training and research

14. The UN environment program

15. United Nations University

16. Seven committee (committee), namely

The first committee: duties in the political and security matters including the setting of weaponry.

• The second Committee: special political duties.
• Third Committee: its work in economics and finance.
• Fourth Committee: its work in the social, humanitarian and cultural.
• Fifth Committee: its work in the field of decolonization (areas that are not self-governing)
• Sixth Committee: its work in the field of administration and budget.
• Committee of the seventh: the legal duties

Main Assembly also assisted agencies and special programs such as:

• Human Rights Council
• UNRWA: Aid Agency and work for Palestinian refugees in the Middle East
• UNICEF: Aid Agency for the kids

Organization and Management in the UN General Assembly:

Here the United Nations is an international organization, because it comprises members from various countries around the world. Management that can be drawn from the general assembly session is how the planning of the General Assembly session, starting from each state is entitled to appoint five representatives in the UN General Assembly, and also there are duties and powers, and in carrying out the duties and powers established bodies such as the I have explained above. From there it was all in shaping the organization and management of the UN General Assembly.

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Journal of Management and Organizations in the Work

Before our work, we must have someone who is looking for a job to apply for jobs here and there and if we only take applications and interview, and then accepted to work there? In my opinion, there are some important things to consider when we will be applying for a job. Before we get into the world of work, we need to know first to what we are working, for whom we work, whether the work was in accordance with our abilities, because the factors that usually become the basis of our performance is good or not in a intansi or company.

From the above description, then I will discuss preparatory work. We can see nowadays hard to find work, increasing the unemployment rate in Indonesia has become the norm every year. Preparing the work was not easy, many of which have been prepared by the administrative requirements proposed, another thing we should also note we would like the ability, mental, psychological, health, and so forth. Many job applicants who qualify for the administrative stage, but intansi or companies do not need people who are smart academically, but to apply, he must be clever, smart communication, reliable in decision making, strong physically and mentally, and so forth. Usually the people who already have these experiences when he was school or college, the things mentioned above can have someone with the following organizations ato campus off-campus, it is very important. Why? Because when we follow the activities within the organization, in fact we have trained our ability to work. Just as a secretary to prepare and assist the chairman of the meeting, prepare correspondence, records agendas, and much more.

Today many companies are prioritizing intansi or oraganisasi experience rather than a high GPA. Therefore, we are particularly active students must organize, organize the preparation of the work we are now as good as possible. Not easy for us to divide the time between college and association, we sometimes sacrifice one of them. Therefore we must be smart to set and organize our activities, so long as we learn on this campus we tidah hardskill only good at, but we too soft skill honed skills as well. After graduation, we are determined to apply for a job or even sought by intansi or companies to work there, of course, with good performance and experience.

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